One way is to do a timer from the top of the screen until you register a hit. Using the result you can figure out which target was hit. That will have problems if targets are really close or overlapping.
The other way which I used is to do a binary search tree, cutting the number of white targets in half each frame. First all targets (1,2,3,4) are white, if there was a hit then the next frame only half (1,2) are white. If there was a hit then its half (1) again, but if no hit then it was in the other half (3,4). Locating the hit out of 4 items will take 3 frames, 8 items will be 4 frames, etc. The light sensor is continuously running and independent from the trigger so you can take as many frames as you want. The binary tree could also be used over the entire screen instead of just sprites. Make the while screen white, then just left side, then just top quarter, and down as small as you want. It would be ~7 frames to get to the 8x8 tile level.