Colour blindness is very rare. That would be the inability to detect any colour at all. It is not often found in individuals without some other disorder (e.g. some forms of mental retardation). What most people mean when they say colour blind is actually colour weakness, where the person has all three receptor types with some shifting, or where someone has only two of the receptor types (to anyone who was going to correct me I am aware receptor types is a poor choice of wording there).
Anyway, nothing much can "make you" colour blind. I suppose some form of brain damage might do it, but it'd have to be pretty specific damage. Also, I guess some kinds of poisoning or something might damage the receptors. It would be impossible for virtual boy eye strain to do it.
I'm colour weak by the way. I can't play the virtual boy, but that's because I don't have any depth perception (only one fully functional eye; although I'm lucky enough to have avoided getting a noticeable eye turn). If the Virtual Boy had taken off, I'd have been in big trouble as a gamer, as it's not a gaming style that'd work for me. The Sega 3D glasses also don't work for me.
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I can wander through the maze. It's a wonderland at night. I can stop and aim my gun, when there's a robot in my sight.